📘 COURSE OVERVIEW
This DBMS course introduces students to the principles of storing, retrieving, and managing data effectively. It covers database characteristics, data models, types of users, and architectures like centralized and client-server. Students learn to design ER diagrams, understand the relational model, and perform SQL operations such as queries, joins, and constraints. The course also covers normalization to eliminate data redundancy. Finally, it explores transaction management, concurrency control, and indexing for efficient database performance.
📚 SYLLABUS
📂 MATERIALS
📘 UNIT-I
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📙 UNIT-II
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📙 UNIT-III
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📙 UNIT-IV
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📙 UNIT-V
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📂 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
📘 Unit-I Questions:
🔸 SHORT ANSWERS
- What is a database system?
- Mention two differences between DBMS and file system.
- Who are “actors on the scene” in a database environment?
- Who are the “workers behind the scene” in a DBMS?
- List any two advantages of database systems.
- Give two examples of database applications.
- What is data independence?
- Define the term schema in the context of databases.
- What is an instance in DBMS?
- Mention the three levels in the three-tier schema architecture.
🔹 LONG ANSWERS
- Define and explain the concepts of entity, entity set, and attribute with examples.
- List and explain any five advantages of using Database Systems over traditional file systems.
- Write short notes on different Data Models with neat diagrams.
- Discuss in detail the different types of database users.
- Differentiate between Hierarchical, Network, and Relational Data Models.
- Explain the Three-Tier Schema Architecture.
- Describe the structure of a typical Database Management System.
- Explain the Centralized Database Architecture.
- Explain the architecture of Client-Server in DBMS.
📙 Unit-II Questions:
🔸 SHORT ANSWERS
- What is the relational model in a database?
- Define a domain in the context of the relational model. Give one example.
- What is an attribute in a relation?
- What is an entity? Give an example.
🔹 LONG ANSWERS
- Describe the different types of attributes in ER modeling with suitable examples.
- Distinguish between total and partial participation constraints. Illustrate each with an ER diagram..
- Explain the concept of class hierarchies in ER modeling with an example.
- Compare and contrast specialization and generalization with suitable diagrams and examples.
- Differentiate between Hierarchical, Network, and Relational Data Models.
- Draw an ER diagram for a college management system that includes entities such as Student, Course, Instructor, and Department.
- Explain the different types of integrity constraints in SQL. Illustrate each with suitable examples and explain how they are enforced using SQL statements.
- What is the significance of NULL values in the relational model? Explain how comparisons and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) behave with NULL values, with suitable SQL examples.
- Discuss the impact of disallowing NULL values on data integrity. How can SQL constraints be used to prevent NULLs in specific columns? Provide examples.
📙 Unit-III Questions:
🔸 SHORT ANSWERS
- Write an SQL query to display all employees whose salary > 50,000.
- Write a query to concatenate first name and last name of students.
- Define schema in a database.
- Define primary key constraint.
- List any two aggregate functions in SQL.
- What is a view in SQL?
- What is the purpose of the GRANT and REVOKE command in SQL?
🔹 LONG ANSWERS
- Explain the general form of a basic SQL query with an example.
- Write the syntax of a basic SQL query and illustrate with a query to retrieve student names and marks from a table.
- Differentiate between DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL with one syntax and example each.
- Write SQL queries using the WHERE clause to retrieve employee details whose salary is greater than 50,000.
- Explain different types of integrity constraints with suitable SQL examples
- Differentiate between nested queries and correlated nested queries with examples.
- Explain the different types of integrity constraints in SQL. Illustrate each with suitable examples and explain how they are enforced using SQL statements.
- Write SQL queries using aggregate functions (SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN) with examples.
- Explain the relational set operations UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS with SQL examples.
- Define a Join in SQL. Explain different types of joins with suitable examples.
📙 Unit-IV Questions:
🔸 SHORT ANSWERS
- What is Data Redundancy? Mention any two problems caused by data redundancy.
- What are NULL Values? Why do they occur in databases?
- What is Decomposition in DBMS?
- Define Functional Dependency (FD). Write any two properties of functional dependency.
- What is First Normal Form (1NF)?
- Define Second Normal Form (2NF).
- What is Third Normal Form (3NF)?
- What is a transaction in DBMS?
- List any two ACID properties of a transaction.
- What is the difference between Single-user and Multiuser transaction systems?
- What are Read and Write operations in transactions?
🔹 LONG ANSWERS
- What is Data Redundancy? Explain the problems caused by redundancy in a database with suitable examples.
- What is Decomposition in database design? Explain the types of decomposition with suitable examples.
- What is a Functional Dependency (FD)? Explain the different types of Functional Dependencies with suitable examples.
- Define Normalization. Explain the different normal forms — First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF) with suitable examples.
- What is the difference between Single-User and Multiuser database systems? Explain with examples.
- Define Database Item. Explain the Read and Write operations in a transaction with an example.
📙 Unit-V Questions:
🔸 SHORT ANSWERS
- What is concurrency control in DBMS?
- List any two problems that may arise without concurrency control.
- Why is recovery important in database systems?
- Mention two types of failures that require recovery in DBMS.
- What is the purpose of the COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations?
- What is a system log in a database system?
- What is a serializable schedule?
- What are the two phases of the two-phase locking protocol?
- What is a deadlock in DBMS?
🔹 LONG ANSWERS
- Explain the different states of a transaction with a neat state transition diagram.
- What is a system log in DBMS? Explain its role in recovery.
- Discuss the problems that may occur without concurrency control (e.g., lost update, temporary inconsistency).
- Explain the ACID properties of a transaction with suitable examples.
- Differentiate between serial and non-serial schedules with examples.
- Explain the two-phase locking (2PL) protocol. Why is it used?
- Explain shared and exclusive locks with examples.
- What is a deadlock? Explain the conditions that lead to deadlock in DBMS.
- Explain the concept of indexing and illustrate different types of indexing techniques with suitable diagrams and examples.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
- What are the main characteristics of a database system?
- Mention two differences between a database system and a file system.
- Who are the primary users (actors) of a database system?
- List any two advantages of database systems.
- Name two applications of database systems.
- What is a Relational Data Model?
- Define an Entity in DBMS with an example.
- Define a Domain in the relational model.
- What is a Participation Constraint? Explain with an example.
- What is a Tuple? Differentiate it from an Attribute with an example.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Describe the concept of Database System Structure. Explain its main components with a neat diagram.
- Define Instance and Schema in a database. List and explain different Data Models with suitable examples.
- Illustrate the Three-Tier Schema Architecture of DBMS with a neat diagram. Explain how it supports data independence.
- Explain the Two-Tier and Three-Tier Client-Server Architectures in DBMS with neat diagrams.
- Explain the classification of Database Users in DBMS. Give suitable examples for each category.
- Explain the different types of attributes in an ER model with suitable examples.
- Draw an ER diagram for a Library Management System.
- Explain the importance of NULL values in a database. How can NULL values be disallowed? Give suitable examples.
- Explain the different types of Integrity Constraints in SQL with suitable examples.
- Explain the concepts of Specialization, Generalization, and Aggregation in ER Diagrams with suitable examples.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
- What is the basic structure of an SQL query?
- What are SQL aggregate functions? List any four with their uses.
- What is a functional dependency? Give one example.
- What is decomposition in relational databases?
- What is a transaction in a database system?
- Explain the difference between read and write operations in transaction processing.
- Define the different states of a transaction.
- What is the purpose of recovery in a DBMS?
- What is the system log and why is it important?
- Define deadlock and starvation in the context of concurrency control.
- What is meant by a single-level ordered index?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- What are SQL joins? Explain different types of joins with examples.
- Discuss various DML operations in SQL with examples.
- Explain in detail the problems caused by redundancy and null values in database design. How can normalization help reduce these problems?
- Discuss the properties of functional dependency and explain how they are applied in normalization.
- Explain the process of normalization with examples to show how a relation is converted from 1NF,2NF and 3NF.
- Discuss the importance of transaction management in a DBMS. How does it ensure consistency, atomicity, isolation, and durability (ACID properties)?
- Explain why concurrency control is needed in a database. Discuss the problems that may occur without proper concurrency control.
- Discuss serial and non-serial schedules. How can we determine whether a schedule is serializable?
- Describe the Two-Phase Locking (2PL) protocol. How does it ensure serializability?
- What is Indexing? Discuss the Primary, Clustering, and Secondary indexes with suitable examples.
ASSIGNMENT-1 QUESTIONS
- Explain the Database System Environment with a neat diagram.
- Explain the differences between DBMS and File System.
- What are data models in DBMS? Illustrate the classification of data models with suitable examples.
- Describe the Three–Tier schema Architecture of DBMS with a well labeled diagram.
- Explain the centralized and client-server Architectures used in database systems.
ASSIGNMENT-2 QUESTIONS
- 1. Explain the different types of integrity constraints in SQL with a suitable SQL example.
- 2. Differentiate between nested queries and correlated sub queries in SQL with suitable examples.
- 3. Explain the relational set operations UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS in SQL. Provide examples for each operation.
- 4. Define a Join in SQL. Explain Inner Join and Full Outer Join with suitable examples.
- 5. Differentiate between DML (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE) and TCL (COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT) in SQL. Give one syntax example for each.
- 6. Define a Join in SQL. Explain Left Join and Right Join with appropriate examples.
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